Packet #2194586 Success

STORE_FORWARD_APP packet from Mussel iGate 🌐 NL_Noord (MUSi) to !ffffffff

Total Receptions

Unique Gateways

Hop Count

Payload Bytes

Packet Information

Database ID:	2194586
Mesh Packet ID:	`0x60fcf5b6` Used for correlation across gateways
Timestamp:	2025-08-13 03:05:51 UTC
From Node:	Mussel iGate 🌐 NL_Noord (MUSi)
To Node:	!ffffffff (ffff)
Success:	Processed
Protocol:	STORE_FORWARD_APP Port: 65

Gateway:	WST Drachten 1 (WST1)
Channel:	LongFast
RSSI:	-92 dBm
SNR:	2.25 dBm
Hop Info:	3/7 hops Start: 7, Limit: 4

Payload Data

Protocol: STORE_FORWARD_APP

Size: 7 bytes

Decoded: Yes

Decoded Data:

{
  "rr": "ROUTER_HEARTBEAT",
  "heartbeat": {
    "period": 900
  },
  "type": "protobuf",
  "portnum": "STORE_FORWARD_APP",
  "message_class": "StoreAndForward"
}

Raw Packet Analysis

Complete field breakdown and MQTT privacy/exposure analysis

Packet Structure

MQTT Packet Flow:
ServiceEnvelope (MQTT layer) → MeshPacket (Mesh layer) → Decoded Payload (Application data)

Total Size:	7 bytes
Gateway:	!43b789ec
Channel:	LongFast
Payload Type:	STORE_FORWARD_APP
Hop Count:	3 / 7

Privacy Summary

Exposure Level:
Broadcast

Privacy Features:
✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Gateway node ID tracked

Exposure Risks:
⚠ Visible to all nodes on channel
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
+ 3 more...

MQTT ServiceEnvelope Fields

MQTT ServiceEnvelope contains the MeshPacket plus routing metadata

Field	Value
`gateway_id`	`!43b789ec` Node ID format
`channel_id`	`LongFast` Default public channel
`packet`	`MeshPacket` (7 bytes) Contains the actual mesh network packet

MeshPacket Fields

Core mesh packet with routing and payload information

Field	Value	Type
`from`	`2733355020` Source node ID	uint32
`to`	`4294967295` (Broadcast) Visible to all nodes	uint32
`decoded.portnum`	`65` STORE_FORWARD_APP	enum
`decoded.payload_length`	`7` bytes	size
`hop_limit`	`4` Remaining hops allowed	uint32
`hop_start`	`7` Initial hop limit	uint32
`hops_taken`	`3` Calculated: hop_start - hop_limit	derived
`rx_rssi`	`-92.0` dBm Signal strength at gateway	int32
`rx_snr`	`2.25` dB Signal quality at gateway	float
`rx_time`	`1755047149` Receive timestamp	fixed32
`via_mqtt`	False Direct LoRa transmission	bool
`want_ack`	False No ACK requested	bool
`priority`	Not set	enum
`delayed`	Not set	enum
`channel`	Not set	uint32
`pki_encrypted`	False Standard encryption	bool
`next_hop`	Not set	uint32
`relay_node`	Not set	uint32
`tx_after`	Not set	uint32
`timestamp`	`1755047151.2243147` Unix timestamp	uint32

MQTT Privacy & Exposure Analysis

Analysis of privacy features and exposure risks when packet is shared via MQTT

Exposure Level: Broadcast

Privacy Features:

✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Gateway node ID tracked

Exposure Risks:

⚠ Visible to all nodes on channel
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
⚠ Multi-hop path visible (3 hops)
⚠ RF signal metrics exposed (location inference possible)

MQTT-Specific Fields

Gateway ID:	`!43b789ec`
Signal Metrics:	RSSI: -92.0 dBm SNR: 2.25 dB

Complete Payload Analysis

Detailed breakdown of all payload fields and decoded data

Payload Metadata:

Protocol:	STORE_FORWARD_APP
Size:	7 bytes
Decoded:	Yes

Complete Payload Data (JSON):

{ "rr": "ROUTER_HEARTBEAT", "heartbeat": { "period": 900 }, "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "STORE_FORWARD_APP", "message_class": "StoreAndForward" }

Complete Protobuf Decode (JSON)

{ "service_envelope": { "gateway_id": "!43b789ec", "channel_id": "LongFast", "packet": "MeshPacket (see mesh_packet below)" }, "mesh_packet": { "from": 2733355020, "to": 4294967295, "id": 1627190710, "rx_time": 1755047149, "rx_snr": 2.25, "rx_rssi": -92, "hop_limit": 4, "hop_start": 7, "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 0, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 0, "tx_after": 0, "decoded": { "portnum": 65, "payload": "08022203088407", "want_response": null, "dest": null, "source": null, "request_id": null, "reply_id": null, "emoji": null, "parsed_payload": { "rr": "ROUTER_HEARTBEAT", "heartbeat": { "period": 900 }, "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "STORE_FORWARD_APP", "message_class": "StoreAndForward" } } } }

Raw Packet Data (7 bytes)

08022203088407

Hex Analysis:

Size:	7 bytes
Format:	Protobuf (Protocol Buffers)
Encoding:	Binary with varint and length-delimited fields

This is the raw protobuf-encoded payload as received from MQTT. The structure follows the Meshtastic protobuf schema definitions.

All Receptions

All gateways that received this packet
Correlation: Using Mesh Packet ID

Reception Locations

Loading reception map...

Map shows gateway locations that received this packet. Hop counts are displayed if available.

Gateway	Time Offset	RSSI	SNR	Hops	Channel	Timestamp	Actions
WST Drachten 1 (WST1) Primary	0.000s Reference	-92.0 dBm	2.25 dB	3	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:51	Current
Mussel iGate 🌐 NL_Noord (MUSi)	-7.063s Before	Unknown	Unknown	0	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:44	View
WST Sneek (WSTS)	-6.085s Before	-121.0 dBm	-14.25 dB	0	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:45	View
WST Drachten 2 (WST2)	-5.952s Before	-120.0 dBm	-10.00 dB	0	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:45	View
GrouMesh (GROU)	-5.034s Before	-121.0 dBm	-13.25 dB	1	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:46	View
NL.ASS1.Meshtastic.ea74 (ASS1)	-4.743s Before	-94.0 dBm	10.50 dB	1	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:46	View
Destiny Long 🏠🔌🌐🛰️ (Long)	-3.716s Before	-125.0 dBm	-3.00 dB	2	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:47	View
MeshingD (MSHD)	-3.583s Before	-72.0 dBm	6.25 dB	2	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:47	View
PE1RWP (1RWP)	-2.149s Before	-122.0 dBm	-13.00 dB	2	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:49	View
Leimuiden - Bas (LMDN)	-1.249s Before	-125.0 dBm	-16.25 dB	3	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:49	View
Bastiaan home (BB34)	-1.092s Before	-115.0 dBm	-4.75 dB	3	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:50	View
Ams Zuidas Base (AZ4)	+0.835s After	-111.0 dBm	-11.25 dB	4	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:52	View
Cornerstone (Amsterdam NL) (Crnr)	+2.821s After	-85.0 dBm	5.25 dB	4	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:54	View
HolRad (HlRd)	+3.000s After	-125.0 dBm	-17.00 dB	4	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:54	View
Wateringweg, Haarlem (WaHa)	+4.617s After	-92.0 dBm	5.00 dB	5	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:55	View
HLM Raaks Base 🏡🛜 (HLR1)	+5.602s After	-119.0 dBm	-10.50 dB	6	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:56	View
NL-3545-Knalliebar (KNB0)	+6.314s After	-107.0 dBm	4.25 dB	6	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:57	View
PE1NTN-3 (NTN3)	+7.348s After	-31.0 dBm	6.25 dB	7	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:58	View
Xebia 🌐🔌 Hilversum Bridge (XHB)	+7.615s After	-85.0 dBm	11.75 dB	6	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:58	View
PD0WES-Louis-3543 (PL43)	+7.749s After	-91.0 dBm	-0.25 dB	7	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:05:58	View
Meshtastic 5578 (5578)	+9.147s After	-136.0 dBm	-14.25 dB	7	LongFast	2025-08-13 03:06:00	View

21

Total Receptions

21

Unique Gateways